Male infertility is often caused by low sperm count, poor sperm motility, and structural abnormalities in the reproductive system. Additionally, hormonal imbalances, genetic factors, lifestyle choices such as smoking or excessive alcohol consumption, and environmental exposures like toxins can contribute to difficulties in fathering a child.

Diagnosis typically begins with a semen analysis to evaluate sperm count, motility, and morphology. Hormonal evaluations and genetic screenings may follow to identify underlying issues. Imaging studies, such as scrotal ultrasound, can detect structural problems, while medical history and physical examinations help determine other contributing factors.

Treatment options include medications to enhance sperm production, hormonal therapies, and assisted reproductive technologies like in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Additionally, lifestyle modifications such as improving diet, regular exercise, quitting smoking, and reducing alcohol intake can significantly improve fertility outcomes.

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